Believing Threatening Voices Is Associated with Distress in Voice Hearers
研究人員表示，不去聽和相信貶義和威脅的聲音可以減輕聽者的痛苦。
Disengaging from listening to and believing derogatory and threatening voices could reduce distress for voice hearers, according to the researchers.
理查德·西爾斯-2022 年 8 月 30 日

在精神分裂症公報上發表的一篇新文章中， Bryony Sheaves 及其同事探討了聲音聽者因聆聽和相信貶義和威脅聲音 (DTV) 而感到痛苦的經歷。
In a new article published in Schizophrenia Bulletin, Bryony Sheaves and colleagues explore voice hearer’s experience of distress from listening to and believing derogatory and threatening voices (DTVs).

研究人員得出結論，能夠脫離、不聽和/或不相信聲音可以減少聲音聽眾的心理困擾。
The researchers conclude that being able to disengage, not listen to, and/or not believe the voices could reduce psychological distress for voice hearers.

他們寫道：“使語音聽眾擺脫聆聽和相信貶損和威脅內容的心理策略可能有可能提供一種減少痛苦的創新途徑。”
“Psychological strategies which enable voice hearers to disengage from listening to and believing derogatory and threatening content could have the potential to provide an innovative route to reduce distress,” they write.

作者向 591 位聲音聽眾詢問了關於痛苦和相信負面聲音的問題。52% 的參與者大部分時間或所有時間都相信自己的聲音。目前的工作確定了與相信聲音相關的 4 個因素：主動傾聽、被動傾聽、相信和無視。相信、主動聆聽和被動聆聽與更高水平的痛苦相關，被動聆聽顯示出特別高的相關性。
The authors questioned 591 voice hearers about distress and believing negative voices. 52% of participants believed their voices most or all of the time. The present work identifies 4 factors related to believing voices: active listening, passive listening, believing, and disregarding. Believing, active listening, and passive listening were correlated with higher levels of distress, with passive listening showing an especially high correlation.

他們寫道，“聽和相信數字電視很常見：一半的參與者贊同高度相信威脅和批評。58% 的參與者支持在大多數或所有時間被動聆聽聲音（即沒有任何意圖），這比主動聆聽更為常見。鑑於參與者贊同從聲音中聽到一系列威脅和批評，這與我們的觀點一致，即參與者組的整體抑鬱和焦慮水平很高。在該組中，更高水平的主動傾聽、被動傾聽和相信討厭的聲音都與更高水平的焦慮、抑鬱和與聲音相關的痛苦顯著相關，即使在控制了聲音頻率時也是如此。”
They write, “Listening to and believing DTVs is common: half of the participants endorsed a high degree of believing the threats and criticisms. Passive listening to voices (ie, without any sense of intent) most or all of the time was endorsed by 58% of participants, and was an even more common occurrence than active listening. Given that participants endorsed hearing a range of threats and criticisms from voices, it is consistent with our perspective that overall levels of depression and anxiety in the participant group were high. Within the group, higher levels of active listening, passive listening, and believing nasty voices were each significantly associated with higher levels of anxiety, depression, and voice-related distress, even when controlling for voice frequency.”

許多研究人員過去曾探索過語音聽力與痛苦之間的聯繫。研究表明，童年時期的逆境可能會影響聲音聽眾的痛苦程度。污名也可能在語音聽眾的痛苦經歷中發揮作用。一項研究發現，圍繞聲音聽力的污名與孤立、保密和功能較差有關。另一項類似的研究報告稱，社會污名會對聽覺體驗產生負面影響。
Many researchers have explored the connection between voice hearing and distress in the past. Research has shown that childhood adversity likely influences levels of distress in voice hearers. Stigma also likely plays a role in distress experiences by voice hearers. One study found that stigma around voice hearing was correlated with isolation, secrecy, and poorer functioning. Another similar piece of research reports that social stigma negatively affects the experience of voice hearing.

由於抗精神病藥的長期負面影響，以及與其使用相關的不良恢復率，許多服務使用者和聽話者正在考慮減少或停止使用抗精神病藥。另一種理解聲音聽力的框架稱為聽力運動，倡導一種非病態、非醫學化的聲音聽力方法。
Due to the long term negative effects of antipsychotics, as well as the poor recovery rates associated with their use, many service users and voice hearers are considering decreasing or discontinuing antipsychotic use. An alternative framework for understanding voice hearing called the Hearing Voices Movement champions a non-pathologizing, non-medicalized approach to voice hearing.

研究表明，聽力小組可以改善社交和情感健康，並為參與者的生活帶來積極的變化。根據一位研究人員的說法，這些團體對他們的參與者來說具有變革性的品質。
Research has shown that Hearing Voices Groups improve social and emotional well being and bring positive changes to participants lives. According to one researcher, these groups have a transformational quality for their participants.

目前的工作旨在通過探索聆聽和相信語音聽眾中的 DTV，從而更好地理解語音聽力中的痛苦。作者使用紮根理論方法來檢查參與者的體驗並確定為什麼要收聽 DTV。參與者於 2020 年 2 月 18 日至 2021 年 12 月 3 日期間從英格蘭的 38 個 NHS 心理健康信託基金中招募。本研究的納入標準包括每周至少一次自我報告的語音聽力體驗，報告 DTV，年滿 16 歲，會說英語，並接受心理健康服務的照顧。
The current work seeks to better understand distress in voice hearing by exploring listening to and believing DTVs in voice hearers. The authors used a grounded theory approach to examine participant experiences and determine why DTVs are listened to. Participants were recruited from 38 NHS mental health trusts in England between February 18, 2020 and December 3, 2021. Inclusion criteria for the present study included self-reporting voice hearing experiences at least once per week, reporting DTVs, being 16 years old or older, English speaking, and being under the care of mental health services.

作者發現，他們一半的參與者大部分時間或所有時間都相信他們的 DTV。58% 的參與者報告大部分或所有時間都是被動聆聽，32% 的參與者大部分或所有時間都支持主動聆聽。在這個參與者組中，聲音更有可能是批評而不是威脅。
The authors found that half their participants believed their DTVs most or all of the time. 58% of participants reported passive listening most or all of the time, with 32% endorsing active listening most or all of the time. In this participant group, voices were more likely to criticize than to threaten.

被動聆聽、主動聆聽和相信 DTV 都與焦慮、抑鬱和語音相關的痛苦有關。即使在控制語音頻率和診斷時也是如此。
Passive listening, active listening, and believing DTVs were all associated with anxiety, depression, and voice related distress. This was true even when controlling for voice frequency and diagnosis.

作者確定了導致參與者收聽和相信 DTV 的 7 個因素。
The authors identified 7 factors contributing to why their participants listened to and believed DTVs.

1. 為了更好地理解他們所說的聲音和威脅
2. 太疲憊而無法抗拒聆聽
3. 從語音聽覺體驗中學習新事物的希望
4. 配音吸引了他們的注意力
5. 聲音非常真實
6. 參與者獨自一人，有時間傾聽
7. 聲音來自參與者認識的人

1. To better understand the voices and the threats they were speaking of
2. Being too worn down to resist listening
3. The hope of learning something new from the voice hearing experience
4. The voiced capture their attention
5. The voices are extremely real
6. Participant was alone and had time to listen
7. The voices are of people the participant knows

作者報告說，儘管他們的參與者組的基線痛苦水平很高，但主動傾聽、被動傾聽和相信 DTV 與痛苦增加有關。疲憊和相信聲音有有價值的信息都與相信數字電視有關。疲憊和聲音聽起來有多真實都與被動聆聽有關。

作者指出了當前研究的幾個局限性。橫截面設計意味著他們的參與者池反映了他們人口的人口構成，但他們的參與者選擇不是隨機的。聽數字電視和負面情緒的因果方向是無法確定的。換句話說，我們無法確定 DTV 是否會導致負面情緒，或者負面情緒是否會導致 DTV。

作者指出，他們的研究沒有捕捉到語音聽眾所經歷的痛苦的大部分差異。作者認為，除了聽力之外，該群體中負面情緒的其他一些原因可能包括：他們認為自己的狀況如何可控、失去社會角色、恥辱感、社會孤立以及額外的焦慮和抑鬱症。

作者得出的結論是，需要更多的調查來確定為什麼語音聽眾會相信 DTV，並且這一研究方向有可能讓語音聽眾重溫痛苦。

“傾聽和相信負面聲音的框架有可能為理解和治療聲音困擾提供信息，”他們寫道。
“A framework of listening and believing negative voices has the potential to inform the understanding and treatment of voice distress,” they write.

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Sheaves, B., Johns, L., Loe, BS, Bold, E., Černis, E., Molodynski, A., & Freeman, D. (2022)。傾聽並相信貶損和威脅的聲音。精神分裂症公報。https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbac101（全文）

理查德·西爾斯理查德·西爾斯（Richard Sears）在西喬治亞技術學院教授心理學，並正在攻讀西喬治亞大學的意識與社會博士學位。他之前曾在危機穩定部門工作，擔任進氣評估員和危機熱線操作員。他目前的研究興趣包括機構和組成機構的個人之間的劃分、去人性化及其與興奮的關係，以及潛在有害的心理藥理學乾預的天然替代品。

文章來源:
https://www.madinamerica.com/2022/08/believing-voices-distress/